Being Black in Canada: Anti-Black racism and the lived experiences of Canadian Black men

Abstract

Anti-Black racism (ABR) remains a persistent social justice issue with historical roots extending into contemporary times in the North American context. Throughout history, it has been employed as an oppressive tool, advancing in nuanced forms that permeate foundational institutions and societal perceptions, effectively perpetuating the oppression of Black individuals. This phenomenon establishes societal barriers, limiting opportunities and fostering unfavorable outcomes across education, socio-economic status, criminal justice, and healthcare for Black communities. The objective of this research is to comprehend and illuminate the experiences of Black Canadian men regarding ABR. This study utilizes a qualitative interpretative phenomenological method, employing semi-structured one-on-one interviews conducted over Zoom with eight participants selected from the researcher’s pool of Black male family and friends. The exploration yielded insights into systemic discrimination and racism, everyday racism, implicit biases, systemic barriers, and the negative impacts of ABR on physical and mental well-being, as well as existing anti-ABR initiatives. The findings of the present study indicate that there are significant and disproportionate challenges faced by Black men in Canada due to ABR, including systemic barriers in employment, societal hindrances to holistic progress, and the need for heightened awareness of racial identity. Despite these obstacles, participants demonstrated resilience, emphasizing the critical importance of Black representation and leadership, and underscoring the urgent need for equitable practices and increased visibility to support Black men as valued members of Canadian society. The research underscores urgent implications for policymakers, organizations, and the Black community. Structural reforms across education, leadership, and hiring practices are needed to move beyond performative commitments to anti-racism. Culturally affirming programs, mentorship, and accessible resources can strengthen community resilience and agency, particularly for Black men. Targeted legislation, accountability mechanisms, and sustained investment in Black-led initiatives are essential for addressing systemic inequities, fostering inclusivity, and promoting equity at both institutional and national levels.